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1. 1 2020-10-13T18:56:01+00:00 Anonymous In the New York Sun Anonymous 1 plain 2020-10-13T18:56:01+00:00 Anonymous

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• 1 2020-04-14T17:18:09+00:00 Boston-bound bus attacked; Joseph Rinaldi injured 10 plain 2023-10-25T02:56:27+00:00 A bus bound for Boston encountered a crowd at 7th Avenue and 125th Street as it traveled out of the city. The driver, Joseph Dawber, first "saw men, women and policemen rushing all around," then heard gunfire. Soon after, bullets began to hit the side of the bus, causing the roughly twenty passengers on board to duck down or drop to the floor. A brick smashed the left rear window, landing near Mrs. Helen Travis, who fainted in shock. Glass from the window hit Joseph Rinaldi, a wrestler from Brooklyn traveling to a match in New Bedford, cutting his face and right wrist.
  
  As Dawber tried to maneuver around the large crowd, several police radio cars went by, containing officers with revolvers drawn. He “followed in their wake, dodging pedestrians and going as fast as [he] dared.” After ten minutes the bus was through the crowds. Once clear of Harlem, Dawber stopped the bus at a drug store so Rinaldi could treat his cuts. At the scheduled stop in Stamford, Connecticut, two of passengers departed, “overcome by the excitement.” Examined after it arrived in Boston at 6:25 AM on March 20, the bus had eleven bullet holes as well as numerous dents where objects had struck it.
  
  Objects struck vehicles traveling on 7th Avenue at several different times during the disorder, including a local bus and cars with white drivers and at one least driven by a Black man, Fred Campbell. Seventh Avenue was the most heavily trafficked roadway north of 59th Street, a major route in and out of the city. Automobiles with white drivers made up most of the traffic that passed through Harlem, including the vast majority of the taxis serving the neighborhood, thanks to the refusal of the three largest taxicab companies to employ Black drivers. The city’s buses also had white drivers. The other bus hit on 7th Avenue was a local Fifth Avenue Coach Company bus struck at 127th Street at 11:00 PM. None of its passengers were injured. Given the large crowds that the Boston-bound bus encountered at 125th Street, it likely passed by before the local bus, so around 10:30 PM.
  
  There were no other reports of bullets striking vehicles driving through Harlem. It was not clear who fired these shots. While there were general claims that Black residents used guns during the disorder, evidence did not exist of any specific instances. On the other hand, there was clear evidence that police were armed and shooting throughout the disorder. While early in the disorder officers mostly fired in the air to try to disperse crowds, they did fire at crowds, especially once looting intensifed around midnight. There was no reason for officers to have fired at the bus, but it could have been caught in the crossfire as officers shot at the crowds it drove through or even as they shot in the air.
  
  It was not clear if those who bombarded the bus were targeting white passengers. The injured man, Rinaldi, was white; there was no clear evidence of the race of the woman who fainted or the other passengers. Nor did the stories identify the bus company. The Fifth Avenue Coach Company, which operated the other bus targeted, was notorious in Harlem for its refusal to employ Blacks. Attacking that vehicle was likely as much about the company as the passengers — an attack on a white business even though at least some of the passengers would have been Black residents. It was not clear if that was the case with the Boston-bound bus or whether its destination made it more likely to be carrying white passengers.
  
  Stories about the Boston-bound bus appeared in the New York Herald Tribune, New York Sun, and New York Evening Journal, and as the opening of the Newsweek story on the disorder. Most of the New York Herald Tribune story, the most detailed, was an extended quotation from Dawber, the bus driver, and was credited as “Special to the Herald Tribune.” The Associated Press story published in the New York Sun did not feature Dawber’s perspective on driving through Harlem and appeared to be based on speaking with passengers. It was the only story to mention the stop to treat Rinaldi’s injuries. The briefer story published in the New York Evening Journal also appeared to be based on speaking only with passengers, and mentioned Rinaldi but not not Travis. It included the detail that seven of the passengers hailed from Boston, and the remainder from New York City.