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Harlem in Disorder: A Spatial History of How Racial Violence Changed in 1935

Jack Garmise's cigar shop looted

Around 12:30 AM, Jack Garmise, a twenty-two-year-old white clerk, locked the cigar store his father Emmanuel owned at 1916 7th Avenue, in the Regent Theatre building, according to the Probation Department investigation, and likely went across town to the family home at 1274 5th Avenue. Most businesses were already closed by that time; the cigar store may have remained open to cater to movie-goers leaving the theater. By the time Garmise left, crowds and disorder had been spreading from 125th Street ten blocks to the north for at least two to three hours, although may not yet have reached as far south as the store, which was near the corner of West 116th Street. Lyman Quarterman was shot while part of a crowd at 121st Street and 7th Avenue, five blocks north of the store, at 10:30 PM. Alice Gordon had allegedly been assaulted a block north at 11:20 PM, and a candy store looted a block further north at 11:45 PM. Around the time Garmise left, Fred Campbell drove up 7th Avenue and reported attacks on stores around 121st Street, despite the presence of unusual numbers of police. He did not report noticing similar disorder around the Garmises’ store at 116th Street. However, Garmise would not have encountered those crowds when he left the store as his route home was in the opposite direction, to the southeast.



Both crowds and police arrived in the area of the cigar store not long after Garmise closed it and appeared to have remained for several hours. Store windows were broken on the opposite corner, and along West 116th Street to the east, and around 3:00 AM Giles Jackson was injured by flying glass in the area of the intersection. The cigar store became a target around 1:45 AM. Patrolmen Kalsky and Holland of the 28th Precinct saw a group of people around the store, and then a milk can thrown through the plate glass windows. In the Magistrate Court affidavit, Kalsky alleged that he saw Thomas Jackson, a thirty-four-year-old Black driver, throw the milk can. Jackson denied thowing anything at the store, or being part of an attack on it, when questioned by a probation officer. Instead, he claimed he had been walking along the street to visit a friend on West 116th Street when he had become caught in a crowd moving toward the store, and someone in the crowd had then pushed him through the smashed window. Throwing an object would have been more difficult for Jackson than most in the crowd; after an accident in 1930, his left arm had been amputated above the elbow. Kalsky also alleged he saw Jackson reach his hand through the smashed window and take merchandise from the display. Garmise reported pipes, clocks, watches, razors, and other goods worth about $100 were stolen. Neither the affidavit nor the Probation Department Investigation specify what, if any, of that merchandise was found on Jackson. Kalsky told a probation officer that as he approached, Jackson threw “some of the merchandise” back in the window. That phrasing suggests Jackson may not have had any merchandise on him when Kalsky arrested him, as does his later agreement to plead guilty to unlawful entry, rather than petit larceny, as others arrested for looting who made plea bargains did. However, the report in the Daily News of Jackson's appearance in the Court of General Sessions to plead guilty, and the New York Times report of his sentencing, attributed all $100 of the stolen goods to Jackson. (The only other newspaper story to include details, the report of the sentencing in the New York Age, mentioned only that Jackson had admitted throwing a milk bottle through the store window.)

The other officer, Holland, arrested a second man, Raymond Easley, a twenty-one-year-old Black man. He allegedly took cigars from the store window, according to a report in the Home News, wording that suggests the officers reported seeing him reaching into the window and found cigars in his possession. Holland also alleged that Easley was carrying a razor. (Easley was not mentioned in the affidavit in the district attorney’s case file in which he and Jackson were recorded as co-defendants, nor was there an examination of him. The only document in the case file referring to Easley was a criminal record; he had no previous prosecutions.) Two arrests at the same incident of alleged looting was unusual during the disorder, suggesting that the officers were closer to the store than in other instances, perhaps only having to cross West 116th Street rather than 7th Avenue.

While the appearance of the two patrolmen clearly stopped the group attacking the store, the broken window made it easier for others to take more merchandise. (A reporter for La Prensa who walked by the store the day after the disorder recorded that all its windows were demolished.) Police guarded only a small number of damaged businesses during the disorder, but the Garmises’ store had the advantage of being near a major intersection, close to the commercial blocks of West 116th Street, an obvious place for police to be stationed. At 3:00 AM, just over an hour after the arrests of Thompson and Easley, when the level of disorder was diminishing, Officer Charles Necas allegedly saw Robert Tanner, a seventeen-year-old Black student, put his hand through the broken window and take a pipe, according to the Magistrates Court affidavit. Necas then arrested Tanner. That Tanner allegedly took a single pipe suggests that there was little merchandise in the window at that time, that most of the looting had occurred earlier. Tanner lived only three buildings west of 7th Avenue, at 218 West 116th Street. There is no mention of a crowd.

The Garmises’ total loss of $100 of merchandise was well below the damage in stores whose interiors were looted, so only the window displays may have been looted. The Garmises were not among those identified as suing the city for damages for failing to protect their business. Unlike many other businesses, they did not have insurance for their store windows, they told a probation officer. However, as part of the United Cigar chain, they did have burglary insurance. However, they could collect that insurance only if the disorder was assessed not to be a “riot,” an unlikely determination after the city lost in the civil courts. Nonetheless, the Garmises were able to remain in business. The MCCH business survey found a United Cigar Store in the same building (although it misidentified the address as 1910 not 1916 7th Avenue). In 1940, Jack Garmise listed the store as his place of employment in his draft registration. The Garmises had opened the store and moved to Manhattan sometime after 1930; the family appeared in the 1930 and 1920 censuses living in the Bronx, with Russian-born Emmanuel working in linen supply and as a laundry salesman. They were still at 1974 5th Avenue in the 1940 census.

Thomas Jackson (whose name was technically Thomas Dean, but who used his stepfather's last name), Raymond Easley, and Robert Tanner all appeared in the Harlem Magistrates Court on March 20. Magistrate Renaud sent all three to the grand jury on the charge of burglary, and Easley also to the Court of Special Sessions charged with carrying a dangerous weapon, a misdemeanor. While Jackson and Tanner were indicted, and then agreed to plead guilty, Easley had the charges against him dismissed. There is no evidence to explain that decision. Neither the 28th Precinct police blotter nor the district attorney’s case file recorded the outcome of his prosecution for carrying a razor. Judge Donellan sentenced Jackson to six months in the Workhouse, and Judge Nott sentenced Tanner to the New York City Reformatory, in line with his age.
 

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