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Harlem in Disorder: A Spatial History of How Racial Violence Changed in 1935

201-207 West 125th Street, c. 1939-1942

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Willow Cafeteria windows broken Around 8:50 PM, Officer Henry Eppler was stationed in front of the Willow Cafeteria at 207 West 125th Street, he told a public hearing of the MCCH, where he would have been part of the cordon police established around Kress' store. He allegedly saw Frank Wells, a twenty-six-year-old Black man, throw a automobile hubcap at the window and break it. Opposite the McCrory department store, the restaurant was at the western end of the building at the intersection of West 125th Street and 7th Avenue. All the businesses in the building to the east of the store had windows broken; the General Stationery & Supplies store, Savon Clothes store, Young's Hats, Minks Haberdashery, and the United Cigar store on the corner. Only Young's Hats was reported looted.

Windows were broken in large numbers of businesses on this block of West 125th Street, where police clashed with crowds gathered in front of Kress' store. Two newspapers reported very extensive damage. "Practically every store window on the block had been shattered by 10 PM," according to the Home News; that damage was both less extensive and took longer in the New York Herald Tribune story: "By midnight one or more windows had been smashed in almost every storefront" on that block between 7th and 8th Avenues (although in another mention of that damage in the story it had been done by 8 PM). The Willow Cafeteria was one of seven businesses identified as having broken windows by the New York Herald Tribune, New York American, and Daily Mirror. No reason is given in those stories for why that mix of businesses were singled out. They were not just the largest stores, although the Blumstein and McCrory's department stores were included, together with the W. T Grant 5 & 10c store in the New York American and Daily Mirror. The United Cigar store spanned several storefronts on the corner on West 125th Street and 7th Avenue, but the other stores, Scheer's clothing store, Young's Hats, and the Conrad Schmidt music shop identified in the New York American and New York Herald Tribune, did not have similarly large displays. All the stores identified by these newspapers were located between Kress' store at 256 West 125th Street and 7th Avenue, so may have been the damaged stores that reporters could see. Willow Cafeteria store was also one of the nineteen businesses on this block with broken windows listed by a reporter for La Prensa who walked along West 125th Street on the day after the disorder. That list included businesses west of Kress' store.

Only the New York American provided an address for Willow Cafeteria, 207 West 125th Street. The MCCH business survey taken between June and December 1935 located the white-owned business at 209 West 125th Street. However, the Tax Department photograph of that building taken between 1939 and 1941 shows that the cafeteria was one building further east, its sign partly visible beyond the canopy over the entrance to the Harlem Opera House. The cafeteria sign is also partly visible on the left in the Tax Department photograph of 2100-2106 7th Avenue.

Eppler's testimony in the public hearing is the only evidence that specifically associates Wells with the Willow Cafeteria, which he identified by address, not name. A story in the New York Herald Tribune did say Wells had been arrested for allegedly "hurling an automobile hub through a cafeteria window on 125th Street," but did not name the cafeteria. On March 20, Wells appeared in the Harlem Magistrates Court, one of the last arraigned after being one of the first arrested. The docket book recorded the charge against him as disorderly conduct, not malicious mischief, the offense involving damage to property that was the charge most often made against those alleged to have broken windows. That charge suggests that Wells did only limited damage to the window. He returned to court on March 26, at which time his bail was set at $500. Wells returned to court a further five times, according to the docket book, on April 9, 12, 17, 18, and finally on April 20, when he was convicted and sentenced to thirty days in the Workhouse.
General Stationery & Supplies store windows broken The General Stationery & Supplies store at 205 West 125th Street is one of the businesses in a list of those with broken windows made by a reporter for La Prensa who walked along West 116th Street, Lenox Avenue, and West 125th Street on the day after the disorder. After walking north on Lenox Avenue from West 116th Street, the reporter turned left on West 125th Street, walking west toward Kress' store where the disorder originated. The stationery store was at the western end of the building on the corner of 7th Avenue, on the block of West 125th Street where police clashed with crowds gathered in front of Kress' store. All the stores in that building facing West 125th Street had windows broken; to the east, the Savon Clothes store, Young's Hats, Minks Haberdashery, and the United Cigar store on the corner; and to the west, the Willow Cafeteria. Only Young's Hats was reported looted.

Windows were broken in large numbers of businesses on this block of West 125th Street. Two newspapers reported very extensive damage. Attacks on this store likely began around 7:30 PM or 8:00 PM, with more windows likely broken around 9:00 PM. "Practically every store window on the block had been shattered by 10 PM," according to the Home News; that damage was both less extensive and took longer in the New York Herald Tribune story: "By midnight one or more windows had been smashed in almost every storefront" on that block between 7th and 8th Avenues (although in another mention of that damage in the story it had been done by 8 PM). The New York Herald Tribune also listed seven specific stores with broken windows, all of which were also identified by the New York American, and six of which were reported in the Daily Mirror. Another business was identified by both the New York American and the Daily Mirror. No reason is given in those stories for why that mix of businesses were singled out. The reporter for La Prensa identified a larger group of nineteen businesses with broken windows between 7th and 8th Avenues, not including four identified by the other newspapers. It is possible that other stores in this block suffered only minor damage; the La Prensa reporter concluded his list by noting he had not included others as they had only suffered minor damage ("y otras mas que por ser los danos ocasionados relativamente pequeños no creimus de interes catalogar entre los establecimientos ya mencionados").

No other sources mention the stationery store, and no one arrested during the disorder is identified as breaking the business' windows. The MCCH business survey taken between June and December 1935 does record the white-owned business. The stationery store was no longer at that address when the Tax Department photograph was taken between 1939 and 1941, a Crawford clothing store having opened there in December 1936.
Young's Hat Store looted Around 9:00 PM, rocks thrown from the crowd at 125th Street and 7th Avenue broke the windows of Young's Hat Store at 201 West 125th Street. That was the time of a crowd reportedly broke through the cordon police had established at the intersection on to 125th Street. All the other stores in the building on the northwest corner of West 125th Street and 7th Avenue that housed Young's Hat Store also had their windows broken sometime during the disorder; to the east, Minks Haberdashery and the United Cigar store on the corner; and to the west, the Savon Clothes store, the General Stationery & Supplies, store and the Willow Cafeteria. While the New York Herald Tribune, New York American, and Daily Mirror included the store as among those whose windows were broken around this time, a reporter from the New York Evening Journal, Joseph Mickler interviewed a clerk, Harry Krantz, who also described looting:
About 9 o'clock last night the first gang began throwing ricks at my place and they broke the windows right out. Then they helped themselves to a new hat all around.
They laughed when they did it and were having a great time--but they meant business.
Mickler's story mistakenly gave the address as 201 West 126th Street, but the MCCH business survey located the store on 125th Street and it is still visible there in the Tax Department photograph taken in 1939-1941. The looting was later confirmed by a manager at the offices of the hat store chain, who told a MCCH investigator who visited on May 15, 1935 "that some stock was stolen from the window display." While numerous stores at this intersection and all those in the building along 125th Street towards 8th Avenue had their windows broken during the disorder, only those on 7th Avenue were also looted — except Herbert's Blue Diamond jewelry store across 7th Avenue from Young's Hat Store, which police guarded. Police made only one arrest for looting in this area, at a shoe store on the southeast corner of the intersection diagonally across from the hat store. That arrest came around 11:00 PM, several hours after Krantz reported being attacked; in the interval more police had arrived and crowds had moved away from the area, providing an opportunity to make arrests lacking earlier.

Krantz did not put a value on the stock taken during the disorder, but losses the store suffered did not cause it to go out of business, perhaps because only goods from the window display were stolen. The white-owned store appeared in the MCCH business survey and is visible in the Tax Department photographs of the corner from 1939–1941.
Savon Clothes store windows broken A branch of the Savon Clothes chain at 203 West 125th Street is one of the businesses in a list of those with broken windows made by a reporter for La Prensa who walked along West 116th Street, Lenox Avenue, and West 125th Street on the day after the disorder. After walking north on Lenox Avenue from West 116th Street, the reporter turned left on West 125th Street, walking west toward Kress' store where the disorder originated. The clothing store was in the building on the corner of 7th Avenue, on the block of West 125th Street, "two doors west of 7th Ave," according to an advertisement in 1934. All the businesses in that building facing West 125th Street had windows broken; to the east, Young's Hats, Minks Haberdashery and the United Cigar store on the corner; and to the west, General Stationery & Supplies and Willow Cafeteria. Only Young's Hats was reported looted.

Windows were broken in large numbers of businesses on this block of West 125th Street, where police clashed with crowds gathered in front of Kress' store. Two newspapers reported very extensive damage. Attacks on this store likely began around 7:30 PM or 8:00 PM, with more windows likely broken around 9:00 PM and again around 10:30 PM. "Practically every store window on the block had been shattered by 10 PM," according to the Home News; that damage was both less extensive and took longer in the New York Herald Tribune story: "By midnight one or more windows had been smashed in almost every storefront" on that block between 7th and 8th Avenues (although in another mention of that damage in the story it had been done by 8 PM). The New York Herald Tribune also listed seven specific stores with broken windows, all of which were also identified by the New York American, and six of which were reported in the Daily Mirror. Another business was identified by both the New York American and the Daily Mirror. No reason is given in those stories for why that mix of businesses were singled out. The reporter for La Prensa identified a larger group of nineteen businesses with broken windows between 7th and 8th Avenues, not including four identified by the other newspapers. It is possible that other stores in this block suffered only minor damage; the La Prensa reporter concluded his list by noting he had not included others as they had only suffered minor damage ("y otras mas que por ser los danos ocasionados relativamente pequeños no creimus de interes catalogar entre los establecimientos ya mencionados").

No other sources mention Savon Clothes, and no one arrested during the disorder is identified as breaking the business' windows. The MCCH business survey taken between June and December 1935 records the white-owned business. However, the store was no longer at that address when the Tax Department photograph was taken between 1939 and 1941, a Crawford clothing store having opened there in December 1936.
Minks Haberdashery store windows broken Minks Haberdashery store at 201 West 125th Street is one of the businesses in a list of those with broken windows made by a reporter for La Prensa who walked along West 116th Street, Lenox Avenue, and West 125th Street on the day after the disorder. After walking north on Lenox Avenue from West 116th Street, the reporter turned left on West 125th Street, walking west toward Kress' store where the disorder originated. The store was in the building on the corner of 7th Avenue, on the block of West 125th Street. All the businesses in that building had windows broken; to the United Cigar store on the corner; and to the west of the Mink's store, Young's Hats, Savon Clothes, General Stationery & Supplies, and Willow Cafeteria. Only Young's Hats was reported looted.

Windows were broken in large numbers of businesses on this block of West 125th Street, where police clashed with crowds gathered in front of Kress' store. Two newspapers reported very extensive damage. Attacks on this store likely began around 7:30 PM or 8:00 PM, with more windows likely broken around 9:00 PM and again around 10:30 PM. "Practically every store window on the block had been shattered by 10 PM, according to the Home News; that damage was both less extensive and took longer in the New York Herald Tribune story: "By midnight one or more windows had been smashed in almost every storefront" on that block between 7th and 8th Avenues (although in another mention of that damage in the story, it had been done by 8 PM). The New York Herald Tribune also listed seven specific stores with broken windows, all of which were also identified by the New York American, and six of which were reported in the Daily Mirror. Another business was identified by both the New York American and the Daily Mirror. No reason is given in those stories for why that mix of businesses were singled out. The reporter for La Prensa identified a larger group of nineteen businesses with broken windows between 7th and 8th Avenues, not including four identified by the other newspapers. It is possible that other stores in this block suffered only minor damage; the La Prensa reporter concluded his list by noting he had not included others as they had only suffered minor damage ("y otras mas que por ser los danos ocasionados relativamente pequeños no creimus de interes catalogar entre los establecimientos ya mencionados").

No other sources mention Minks Haberdashery, and no one arrested during the disorder is identified as breaking the business' windows. The MCCH business survey taken between June and December 1935 records the white-owned business. The store sign is visible immediately to the left of the United Cigar store in the Tax Department photograph taken between 1939 and 1941.