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Harlem in Disorder: A Spatial History of How Racial Violence Changed in 1935

Herman Young assaulted

Around 1.30AM, Herman Young, a fifty-three-year-old Austrian-born white man was cut on the head by flying glass after a stone was thrown through his Lenox Avenue hardware store window. Young had come from his apartment above the store after hearing voices in the premises to find a window broken and four men inside stealing merchandise. After chasing those men out, Young was likely trying to keep others from coming in when he was hit by the stone. Isaac Daniels, a twenty-nine-year-old black man was arrested and charged with throwing the rock.

How Daniels came to be arrested is not clear. The only details of the case are a single sentence of description in a list of individuals who appeared in the Magistrates Court published in the Home News. Information on the earlier looting comes from the arrest and prosecution of another man, James Williams, for theft. There was likely a crowd outside Young’s store as it was in the midst of the blocks on Lenox Avenue where looting was concentrated, making it difficult to identify who threw the stone. Just how difficult would depend on the location of the arresting officers: given the amount of looting going on in the area at the time, they are unlikely to have been out front guarding the store, so would have been traveling on the street in a radio car or coming along the pavement from the police positions north at 130th St or south at 125th street. In the darkness neither perspective would necessarily have given them a clear view.

However police identified Daniels, they did not convince the jury at his trial that he threw the stone: they acquitted him.

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Assaults on whites (29) 38 plain 2020-05-05T17:36:44+00:00
At least twenty-nine whites were assaulted during the disorder, in addition to nine white police officers. This violence has been overlooked in most scholarship on the disorder, following the lead of the report of the MCCH, which mentions assaults only obliquely, in emphasizing attacks on property: “In fact, the distinguishing feature of this outbreak was that it was an attack upon property and not upon persons. In the beginning, to be sure, the resentment was expressed against whites—but whites who owned stores and who, while exploiting Negroes, denied them an opportunity to work” (11).

Newspapers, tell a different story, particularly the New York Evening Journal, a Hearst afternoon paper that sought out and gave prominence to whites assaulted by blacks, reporting four assaults that do not appear in any other source. [Several papers reported clashes between bands of blacks and whites, in line with patterns from earlier racial disorders, but none offered details and there are no reports of blacks injured in those circumstances]. Violence against whites took place throughout the disorder (perhaps fading by 2 AM, around three hours before the final events of the disorder) and across a wide area centered on 125th Street. Assaults on whites are thus woven into the disorder, not so marginal as to distinguish the disorder from outbreaks earlier in the century.

White men and women on the street, newspaper reporters and photographers, storeowners, and passengers in vehicles traveling through Harlem all allegedly suffered injuries at the hands of black assailants.

Crowds threw stones and rocks at whites. In some cases, whites in cars and buses traveling through the neighborhood were targets. In other cases, whites standing apart, observing crowds came under attack, including a newspaper photographer and his assistant, and a security guard. Others appeared at the hospital with similar injuries resulting from flying glass and rocks that they did not report as assaults, that did not result from efforts to injure them but from the attacks on property.

The remaining assaults involved attacks by individuals or groups, targeting whites apparently observing the crowd like those hit by objects or whites walking Harlem’s streets, either around the entertainments of 125th Street or near the areas where whites lived north of 116th Street. Almost all those attacks took the form of beatings, with only two men stabbed. In four of those cases attacks only ended when either the police, or in one case, black co-workers, intervened.

In addition to whites on the streets, white storeowners also appear among those assaulted, but in very small numbers not as the focus of violence as the MCCH report claimed. In one case, the injury resulted from glass from a smashed window rather than a direct attack. In two other cases storeowners were attacked as they closed their stores, with one an attempted robbery.

Four women appear among the whites assaulted in Harlem. Two of the women attacked were in cars, one driving through Harlem, one parked. The third was assaulted by a group on the street (Gordon); one was reported simply as having been “beaten”.

Attacks on whites occurred throughout the disorder (perhaps fading by 2 AM, around three hours before the final events of the disorder - information about timing is missing for 13/29), but were more geographically contained than in race riots in the north earlier in the twentieth century: other than man and storekeeper attacked north of 145th Street, most attacks occurred around 125th Street, with a small number further south, around the stores on 116th Street. The first reported assaults came early in the disorder as the crowd on 125th Street clashed with police and began smashing windows. William Kitlitz was allegedly assaulted by James Smitten around 8.30 PM and Timothy Murphy and Maurice Spellman by different groups of men around 9 PM, and Morris Werner around 9.30 PM. All these men lived west of Harlem, relatively close to where they were attacked, so were likely regular visitors to 125th Street, to shop, seek entertainment or access public transport, on this evening caught up in the disorder. Around 11 PM a small cluster of assaults took place on or near 7th Avenue north of 116th St, as crowds moved away from 125th Street into an area where whites still lived in 1935. Further assaults occurred north of 125th Street around 1 am, back near the entertainment district frequented by whites. The final assault whose timing is known was of a storekeeper during the looting that began after midnight.

Most assaults on whites left few traces in the official record: police made arrests in only five cases (there is no information on the circumstances that led to the arrest of one of the men charged with assault). Seven victims of alleged assaults appear only in records of ambulance callouts and hospital admissions. Fifteen assaults are reported only in newspapers. Four cases appear in only the New York Evening Journal, a publication that reported the disorder with an emphasis on violence against whites distinct from the rest of the press, using sensational language and invoking racist stereotypes of blacks.

Only one of the five black men arrested for assaulting whites, Rivers Wright, was convicted, but only summarily by a Magistrate for the misdemeanor offense of disorderly conduct, for which he received a sentence of ten days in the Workhouse. In one case, there is no evidence of the outcome, one was dismissed by the Grand Jury, and two acquitted by trial juries.
Related Categories:
- Assaults by groups (17/17)
- Assaults by individuals (3/7)
- Hit by objects (7/19)
- Assaults in unknown circumstances (1/3)
- Assaults on women (4/5)
- Injured in assaults (29/53)
- Assault in the courts (5/9)

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Isaac Daniels arraigned